Honeybee Veterinary Medicine by Nicolas A. L. Vidal-Naquet

$59.00

Honeybee Veterinary Medicine

Name: Honeybee Veterinary Medicine by Nicolas A. L. Vidal-Naquet
Brand: ALIUS
SKU: 0272
Price: 59.00 AUD
Availability: InStock

Apis Mellifera L.

Nicolas A. L. Vidal-Naquet

$59.00

5m Publishing (1st ed. 2015. repr. 2025)

Hardback / 260 Pages

ISBN 978-1-91945-504-3

Honeybees are an essential part of farming and the wider ecosystem. Since the middle of the 1990s bee populations around the world have suffered dramatic decline through diseases, intoxication, and unknown causes. Veterinarians have had little training in bee health but as the situation continues, qualified animal health professionals and, in particular, veterinarians are being required to become involved as new dangers threaten honeybee health everywhere because of global apiculture trade and exchanges of honeybees, products of the hive and beekeeping material such as Aethina tumida (the small hive beetle - a beekeeping pest) introduced in Italy in 2014 or the mite Tropilaelaps spp (parasitic mites of honeybees).

This book will provide an overview of bee biology, the bee in the wider environment, intoxication, bee diseases, bee parasites (with a large part dedicated to the mite Varroa destructor) pests, enemies, and veterinary treatment and actions relating to honeybee health. The book will also cover current topics such as climate change, crop pollination, use of phytosanitary products, antibiotic resistance, and Colony Collapse Disorder.

While aimed at veterinary practitioners, students and veterinarians involved in apiculture and bee health (officials, researchers, laboratory veterinarians, biologists...), the book can also be beneficial to beekeepers, beekeeping stakeholders, animal health and environmental organisations.

NICOLAS VIDAL-NAQUET, DVM, graduated in apiculture and Honeybee medicine, is a veterinary practitioner and lecturer in Honeybee biology and diseases at the Veterinary School of Alfort, France.

Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Introduction

Biology of Apis mellifera L.: from the individual to the super-organism
1. Taxonomy and natural history
  1. Taxonomy
  2. Apis mellifera L. natural history
  3. Apis mellifera L. subspecies
    1. Main European subspecies
    2. Main Eastern Europe and Middle East subspecies
    3. Main African subspecies
    4. The Buckfast honeybee: a human-selected honeybee
2. The colony: definition and characteristics
  1. Features of the colony
  2. Eusociality
3. The castes: morphology
  1. The workers
    1. The head
      1. Mouthparts: chewing and lapping (sucking)
      2. Sensory organs and the peripheral nervous system
    2. The thorax
      1. The legs
      2. The wings
    3. The abdomen
  2. The queen
  3. The drones
4. Digestive tract and metabolism
  1. Food-processing glands
  2. Digestive tract and excretory system
  3. Fat bodies
  4. Vitellogenin, a potential indicator of colony health?
5. Respiratory and circulatory systems
6. Immune system and mechanisms of protection and defence
  1. At the individual level
  2. At the colony level
7. Temperature regulation
8. Nervous system
9. The nest structure
  1. Feral colonies
  2. Managed colonies
10. Reproduction: drones, queen, and brood development
  1. Mating the queen
  2. Ovipositioning
  3. Sex determination in the honeybee: haplodiploidy
  4. Development of the brood
    1. Eggs
    2. Worker brood development (duration: 21 days after ovipositioning)
    3. Drone brood development (duration: 24 days after ovipositioning)
    4. Queen brood development (duration: 16 days after ovipositioning)
11. Nutrition
  1. Honey
  2. Pollen
  3. Feeding behaviour of adult bees
  4. Feeding behaviour of larvae
12. Organization and communication within the colony
  1. Age polyethism: the division of labour among worker bees
    1. Cleaning
    2. Brood and queen nursing
    3. Food handling and storage
    4. Comb building
    5. Fanning
    6. Guarding
    7. Foraging
    8. Plasticity and adaptation
    9. Winter workers
  2. Communication between bees
    1. Chemical communication: pheromones
      1. Queen pheromones
      2. Worker pheromones
      3. Drone pheromones
    2. Dances of honeybees
    3. Acoustic communication
13. Swarming and supersedure: division of the colony and replacement of the queen
  1. Swarming
  2. Supersedure
  3. Emergency queen cells
14. Colony life cycle
15. References
Environmental problems and intoxication
1. Influence of meteorology and climate on colony welfare and health
  1. Influence of meteorological factors
  2. Influence of climate change
  3. Management
2. Influence of food resources on colony welfare and health
  1. Pollen
  2. Nectar and honeydew
  3. Water
  4. Plant toxicity
  5. Management and supplement feeding
3. Intoxication
  1. Insecticides and their targets (and other pesticides affecting honeybee health)
  2. Factors affecting the severity of poisoning
  3. Modes of poisoning
  4. Acute intoxication in the honeybee
  5. Sub-lethal and chronic poisoning in the honeybee
    1. Sub-lethal poisoning
    2. Chronic poisoning
  6. Synergies and interactions
    1. Between chemicals
    2. Between chemicals and biological pathogenic agents
  7. Diagnosis
    1. Clinical diagnosis
    2. Laboratory diagnosis
    3. Some basic keys for interpretation of laboratory tests results
  8. Management of poisoning
4. References
Honeybee viruses and viral diseases
1. Generalities on honeybee viruses
  1. Characteristics and elements of taxonomy
    1. RNA viruses
    2. DNA viruses
  2. Pathogenicity of viruses
  3. Transmission routes
  4. Diagnosis of viral infection
2. Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) disease: ‘paralysis’
  1. Characteristics of CBPV
  2. Clinical signs
    1. Type-1 syndrome or ‘paralysis’
    2. Type-2 syndrome
    3. From two syndromes to one
  3. Epidemiological characteristics
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Contributing factors
  6. Diagnosis
    1. Clinical diagnosis
    2. Differential diagnosis
    3. Laboratory diagnosis
    4. Management
3. Deformed wing virus (DWV) disease
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Epidemiological characteristics: spread and transmission
  3. Contributing factors
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Diagnosis
    1. Clinical diagnosis
    2. Laboratory diagnosis
  6. Management
4. Sacbrood virus (SBV) disease
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Spread and transmission
  3. Pathogenesis
  4. Contributing factors
  5. Diagnosis
  6. Management
5. Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) disease
6. Dicistrovirus diseases
  1. Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) disease
    1. Clinical signs
    2. Pathogenesis and diagnosis
    3. Management
  2. Kashmir bee virus (KBV) disease
  3. Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) disease
  4. Black queen cell virus (BQCV)
7. Other viruses of honeybee colonies
  1. Cloudy wing virus (CWV)
  2. Bee X virus (BXV) and bee Y virus (BYV)
  3. Arkansas bee virus (ABV) and Berkeley bee picorna-like virus (BBPV)
  4. Honeybee-infecting DNA viruses
8. References
Honeybee bacterial diseases
1. American foulbrood disease (AFB)
  1. AFB disease sanitary status
  2. The pathogenic agent: Paenibacillus larvae
  3. Clinical signs
    1. Clinical signs at the colony level
    2. Clinical signs at the brood level
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Contributing factors
    1. Virulence of Paenibacillus larvae strains
    2. Other contributing factors
  6. Epidemiology
  7. Diagnosis
    1. Clinical diagnosis
    2. Differential diagnosis
    3. Laboratory diagnosis
      1. Sampling
      2. Laboratory analysis
    4. Prognosis
  8. AFB control
    1. Destruction of colonies, disinfection and sterilization of material
    2. Antibiotherapy
    3. Shaking bee (or shock swarm) method
  9. Prophylaxis
    1. Beekeeper training
    2. Prophylaxis by honey and adult bee sampling and testing
    3. Honeybees exhibiting hygienic behaviour
    4. Apiary management
    5. Material management
2. European foulbrood disease (EFB)
  1. Disease status
  2. Pathogenic agent and associated bacteria
  3. Clinical signs
  4. Epidemiology
  5. Pathogenesis
  6. Contributing factors
  7. Diagnosis
  8. EFB control
3. Other bacterial diseases
4. References
Parasitic diseases
1. Varroosis: infestation by the mite Varroa destructor
  1. Regulatory status
  2. History of the Varroa destructor global pandemic
  3. Varroa destructor: taxonomy
  4. Varroa destructor: morphology and anatomic details
    1. The female adult
    2. The male adult
    3. The life cycle
      1. The phoretic phase
      2. The reproductive phase
    4. Varroa population dynamics in honeybee colonies
  5. Varroosis
  6. Pathogenesis
    1. Spoliage effect
    2. Effects on bee weight
    3. Reduction of lifespan
    4. Morphological and anatomical deformities
    5. Behavioural troubles
    6. Decrease in the reproductive potential of drones
    7. Immunosuppression effect on honeybees
    8. Influence of mite infestation on gene expression
    9. Vector of viruses (cf. Chapter 3)
    10. Effects of varroosis at the colony level
  7. Clinical signs of varroosis
  8. Infestation threshold
  9. Diagnosis
  10. Control of Varroa infestation
    1. Good beekeeping practices
    2. Monitoring the colony parasite load (mite infestation)
      1. Monitoring natural mite fall
      2. Drone brood uncapping method
      3. Evaluation of mite infestation by miticide application
      4. Evaluation of mite infestation by sampling adult honeybees
    3. Control of Varroa infestation by application of veterinary medicines or officinal active substances
      1. Miticides
      2. Treatment strategy
    4. Biotechnological control methods
      1. Drone brood removal
      2. Queen trapping method: brood interruption
      3. Comb trapping method
      4. Complete removal of the brood
      5. Other techniques
    5. Integrated pest management (IPM) programme to control Varroa infestation
    6. Other mite control management and perspectives for the future
      1. Selection of honeybees tolerant of Varroa
      2. Biological control
2. Tracheal acariosis: infestation by the mite Acarapis woodi
  1. Regulatory status
  2. The pathogenic agent and its life cycle
  3. Epidemiology
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Diagnosis
  7. Prognosis
  8. Control and management of Acarapis woodi infestation
3. Tropilaelosis: infestation by the mites Tropilaelaps clareae and Tropilaelaps mercedesae
  1. Tropilaelaps infestation sanitary status
  2. Tropilaelaps species
  3. Causative agents
    1. The adult female
    2. The adult male
    3. The life cycle
  4. Spreading and transmission
  5. Clinical signs of Tropilaelaps infestation: tropilaelosis
  6. Varroa and Tropilaelaps co-infestation
  7. Diagnosis
  8. Control of Tropilaelaps infestation
  9. Preventing non-infested countries against Tropilaelaps mites
4. Infestation by the fly Braula coeca
  1. The fly Braula coeca
  2. Health impact of Braula coeca
  3. Diagnosis
  4. Control of Braula infestation
5. References
Fungal and protozoan diseases
1. Chalkbrood disease: Ascosphaera apis
  1. Regulatory status
  2. The fungus Ascosphaera apis
  3. Spread, transmission, and contributing factors
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Diagnosis
  7. Chalkbrood control and prevention
2. Stonebrood disease: Aspergillus spp.
3. Nosemosis: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae
  1. Regulatory status
  2. The microsporidians Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae
    1. The spores
    2. The life cycle
  3. Type-A nosemosis
    1. Epidemiology and transmission
    2. Pathogenesis
      1. Alteration of the digestive tract
      2. Alteration of the hypopharyngeal glands
      3. Effects of Nosema apis on the immune response
      4. Effects of Nosema apis on queen physiology
      5. Reduction of lifespan
      6. Colony organization changes
    3. Contributing factors
    4. Clinical signs of Type-A nosemosis
    5. Clinical and differential diagnosis of Type-A nosemosis
  4. Type-C nosemosis
    1. Epidemiology and transmission
    2. Pathogenesis: consequences of Nosema ceranae infection on the physiology of the honeybee
    3. Pathogenesis: consequences of Nosema ceranae on the honeybee colony
    4. Contributing factors
    5. Clinical signs of Type-C nosemosis
    6. Clinical and differential diagnosis of Type-C nosemosis
  5. Laboratory diagnosis of Type-A and Type-C nosemosis
    1. Laboratory diagnosis and sampling choice
    2. Laboratory methods
      1. Microscopic identification
      2. Spore count
      3. PCR method
      4. Interpretation of the results
      5. Complementary analysis
  6. Prognosis
  7. Control of Type-A and Type-C nosemosis
    1. Veterinary medicines
    2. Beekeeping practices and prophylaxis
4. Amoebiasis of the Malpighian tubules: Malpighamoeba mellificae
  1. Regulatory status
  2. Pathogenic agent and life cycle
  3. Clinical signs
  4. Control
5. References
Pests and enemies of honeybee colonies
1. Galleria mellonella, the greater wax moth
  1. Regulatory status
  2. The moth and its life cycle
  3. Damage caused by the greater wax moth
  4. Control and management
    1. Protecting colonies
    2. Protecting stored material
2. Achroia grisella, the lesser wax moth
3. Aethina tumida, the small hive beetle
  1. Regulatory status
  2. Morphology and life cycle
    1. Morphology
    2. Life cycle (Figure 7.8)
    3. Damage caused by Aethina tumida infestation in colonies
      1. Aethina tumida in Sub-Saharan countries
      2. Aethina tumida in European honeybee colonies
    4. Diagnosis
    5. Small hive beetle control
      1. In non-infested countries
      2. Control measures in infested countries
4. Vespa velutina, the Asian hornet
  1. Regulatory status
  2. Range distribution of Vespa velutina nigrithorax
  3. Morphology
  4. Structure of the nest
  5. Life cycle
  6. Nutrition
  7. Damage caused by Vespa velutina to honeybee colonies
  8. Fighting Vespa velutina
5. Other pests and enemies of the hives
6. References
Principles of good sanitary beekeeping practices
1. The HACCP principles
2. Hazards in beekeeping
  1. Biological hazards
  2. Chemical hazards
  3. Physical hazards
3. General honeybee farm management
  1. Training
  2. Legal obligations
  3. Beekeeping record keeping
  4. Apiary and colony identification
  5. Hygiene and prophylaxis of diseases
    1. Choice of hives and material
    2. Management of material
    3. Maintenance of the material
4. Honeybee colony management
  1. Choice and sanitary management of colonies
    1. The choice of honeybee
    2. Management during the beekeeping season
    3. Spring inspection of the colonies
    4. Inspection in preparation for overwintering
  2. Addressing biohazards
    1. Veterinarian
    2. ‘Hospital apiary’
    3. Varroa infestation control
    4. Renewal of the honeybee livestock
  3. Addressing chemical hazards
  4. Addressing physical hazards
5. Veterinary medicine products
6. Honeybee colony supplementary feeding
7. Hive and apiary environment
  1. Location of an apiary
  2. The apiary within the environment
8. Handling of honeybee colonies and hive products
  1. Addressing biohazards
  2. Addressing chemical hazards
  3. Addressing physical hazards
9. General sanitary practices for honey extraction and production
10. References
Honeybee veterinary medicine and practice
1. Clinical examination of colonies and elements of semiology
  1. Preliminary remark
  2. Conditions for a good clinical examination
  3. Anamnesis (medical history)
  4. Initial external examination
    1. The environment
    2. Appearance of the hive
    3. Examination of the alighting board and the front of the hive
  5. Clinical examination of the colony
    1. Examination when opening the hive
    2. Examination of the adult bees
    3. The frames and the brood
    4. The floor of the hive
    5. Health status, weakening, mortality, collapse
      1. What defines a colony as being in good health?
      2. Colony weakening
      3. Mortality
      4. Mortality of adult bees
    6. A method to evaluate the strength of the colony: the Liebefeld method
  6. Testing and sampling
    1. Tests in the field
    2. Sampling for laboratory testing
    3. Laboratory analysis for diagnosing apiculture problems
    4. Field and laboratory tests as prophylactic methods against overwintering colony weakening or collapse
  7. Conclusion of the clinical examination
2. Sanitary audit of husbandry in apiculture
  1. When should a sanitary audit take place?
  2. Analysis of documents and data from the honey farm
    1. Honey farm data: workers, farm, and produce
    2. Data concerning the livestock and the apiaries
    3. The sanitary and colony health data
  3. Apiary visits and examination of the hives
  4. Analysis of beekeeping practices
    1. Hive management
    2. Frames and wax management
    3. Small equipment
    4. The livestock
    5. Inspections by the beekeeper of the hives and apiaries during the beekeeping season
    6. Visits before overwintering and before the beekeeping season
    7. Management of colony feeding
  5. Sanitary audit report
    1. Evaluation of hazards, key points, and points to improve
    2. The audit report
  6. Second visit after auditing
3. References
Colony collapse disorder (CCD): one reality, several causes?
1. Symptoms usually attributed to CCD
2. Current thinking on the causes of CCD

References

Appendix 1: Average values and typical features of the biology of honeybee colonies and beekeeping techniques

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Honeybee Veterinary Medicine by Nicolas A. L. Vidal-Naquet

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